Kidney stones are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys. They can vary greatly in size and can block the urinary tract, leading to significant pain and discomfort. Kidney stones affect around 12% of the Indian population and cause hundreds of thousands of emergency room visits each year.
Types of Kidney Stones
Phosphate Stones
Oxalate Stones
Urate Stones
Xanthine Stones
Cystine Stones
Causes of Kidney Stones:
Dehydration – Concentrated urine promotes salt crystallization.
Dietary Patterns – High intake of salt, sugar, animal protein, and high-oxalate foods.
Obesity – Imbalance of minerals in the urine due to obesity.
Certain Medical Conditions – Gout, hyperthyroidism, UTIs increase risk.
Medications – Diuretics and migraine meds can increase stone formation.
Limitations of Medication Therapy
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL):
Limitations: Less effective for large stones, risk of residual fragments.
Ureteroscopy:
Limitations: Risk of injury to urinary tract, possible post-operative complications.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL):
Limitations: Higher risk of bleeding, infection, and prolonged recovery time.
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Kidney Stones
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